![]() ![]() 25 In a relatively large United States sample (N = 3031), dream activity and mental health were shown to be associated during the pandemic, with the finding that the more participants were affected by the pandemic, the more it affected their dreams. 20, 21, 24, 26 Moreover, pandemic-related contents were identified both during the first wave of pandemic 20, 27–29 and in the post-lockdown period. ![]() ![]() 18–25įrom a qualitative point of view, healthy individuals have reported higher negative emotional intensity in dream content during the COVID-19 outbreak. In parallel with sleep problems, several studies show that the pandemic is associated with alterations of dreams and nightmares among healthy people. 14–16 Moreover, hospitalization (pharmacological treatments for the infection could contribute to sleep disruption). On the other hand, it should be noted that the core symptoms of the infection such as fever, coughing, breathing difficulties and physical pain, are highly correlated with sleep, problems. 12 On the one hand, the fear related with the virus may be one of the main reasons for poor sleep quality. 11–13 Additionally, a recent review emphasized that COVID-19 patients have higher prevalence rates of sleep disturbances. 4–9 Among the general population, cross-sectional investigations found dysregulation in sleep-wake schedules 7, 9, 10 and insomnia symptoms. In particular, a growing literature has highlighted that the COVID-19 pandemic strongly affected Sleep. In the last year, an impressive number of studies has focused on the psychological consequences of the pandemic both on the worldwide population 1 and infected people. COVID-19 is characterized by a severe acute respiratory syndrome and much clinical and research attention has been paid to finding an effective treatment or prevention strategy to defeat the virus. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed the novel Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) to be a global pandemic. ![]()
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